A bilingual study guide based on the Parliament of Canada's "Understanding Parliament" website by Alliance of Chinese Conservatives.
本资料由加拿大华裔保守联盟AOCC整理自加拿大议会官网「Understanding Parliament」。
Contents · 目录
- Overview · 导读
- 1. Canada's System of Government · 加拿大的政府体制
- 2. How Parliament Works · 议会如何运作
- 3. People in Parliament · 议会中的人
- Sources · 来源
Overview · 导读
The site covers three topics: Canada's system of government, how Parliament works, and the people in Parliament. This guide follows the same order.
这个网站分为三个专题：加拿大的政府体制、议会如何运作、议会中的人。本资料按同样顺序编排。
Parliament and government are not the same thing. Parliament is the legislative branch created by the Constitution Act, 1867; it makes laws and holds the government to account. Government usually means the Prime Minister, Cabinet and governing party, and outside the House it often includes federal departments too.
议会和政府不是一回事。议会是《1867 年宪法法案》设立的立法机构，负责制定法律并监督政府。政府通常指总理、内阁和执政党，在议会以外的场合往往还包括联邦各部门。
Key Terms · 关键术语
Bicameral · 两院制: a parliament with two chambers. 议会由两个议院组成。
Westminster system · 威斯敏斯特体制: the British model of parliamentary government that Canada follows. 加拿大沿用的英国议会制模式。
Royal Assent · 御准: the final step that turns a bill into law. 法案成为法律的最后一步。
Speech from the Throne · 施政报告: the government's agenda, read at the start of each session. 每届会期开始时宣读的政府议程。
Prorogation · 休会: ending a session of Parliament without an election. 不举行选举而结束一届会期。
Dissolution · 解散议会: ending a Parliament so an election can be held. 结束本届议会以便举行选举。
Confidence · 信任: the majority support in the House a government needs to stay in power. 政府继续执政所需的众议院多数支持。
Caucus · 党团: all the parliamentarians of one party or group. 同一政党或小组的全体议员。
Backbencher · 后座议员: an MP who is not a minister or party leader. 非部长、非领导层的普通议员。
Mace · 议杖: the symbol of a chamber's authority; neither chamber can sit without it. 象征议院权威，没有它两院都不能开会。
Hansard · 辩论实录: the written record of debates. 议会辩论的文字记录。
In camera · 闭门会议: a meeting closed to the public. 不对公众开放的会议。
1. Canada's System of Government · 加拿大的政府体制
1.1 The Three Branches · 三个权力分支
Canada's federal government has three branches, each with powers set by the Constitution. The legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch carries them out, and the judicial branch interprets them.
加拿大联邦政府有三个权力分支，各自的权力由宪法规定。立法分支制定法律，行政分支执行法律，司法分支解释法律。
Legislative branch · 立法分支
The legislative branch is Parliament: the Monarch (represented by the Governor General), the Senate and the House of Commons. A bill becomes law only when both chambers pass it in the same form and it receives Royal Assent.
立法分支就是议会，由君主（由总督代表）、参议院和众议院组成。法案必须经两院以相同文本通过并获得御准，才能成为法律。
Senators are appointed to represent the provinces and territories. Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to represent local ridings. Both introduce and improve bills, propose amendments and study important issues.
参议员经任命产生，代表各省和地区；国会议员经选举产生，代表各自的选区。两者都可以提出和完善法案、提出修正案，并研究重要议题。
Executive branch · 行政分支
The executive branch is the Monarch (through the Governor General), the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Governor General signs bills into law, summons and dissolves Parliament, and swears in the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
行政分支由君主（通过总督）、总理和内阁组成。总督签署法案使其成为法律，召集和解散议会，并为总理和内阁成员举行就职宣誓。
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. By tradition the PM is also a party leader and an MP, sets the government's agenda and chooses Cabinet. Cabinet ministers develop policies, introduce bills, and most run a government department.
总理是政府首脑，按惯例同时是政党领袖和国会议员，负责设定政府议程并挑选内阁成员。内阁部长制定政策、提出法案，大多数还主管一个政府部门。
Judicial branch · 司法分支
The judicial branch is made up of courts, boards and tribunals, and is independent of the other two branches.
司法分支由各级法院、管理委员会和裁判庭组成，独立于另外两个分支。
The Supreme Court of Canada is the final court of appeal. It hears appeals from all appeal courts and answers legal questions referred to it by Cabinet.
加拿大最高法院是最终上诉法院，审理来自各上诉法院的上诉，并回答内阁提交的法律问题。
The Federal Court, Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court handle federal matters such as tax, intellectual property and maritime law.
联邦法院、联邦上诉法院和税务法院处理税务、知识产权、海事法等联邦事务。
Provincial and territorial courts make up most courts in Canada and handle most criminal, civil and family cases. Most have three levels: lower, superior and appeal. Nunavut has a single level of trial court.
省和地区法院占加拿大法院的大多数，处理大部分刑事、民事和家庭案件。多数省份有三级：初级、高等和上诉法院。努纳武特只有一级初审法院。
1.2 Canada's Constitutional Monarchy · 君主立宪制
Canada is a constitutional monarchy. King Charles III is Head of State; the Prime Minister is Head of Government. The Head of State has constitutional duties but stays out of politics; the Head of Government is a political leader.
加拿大是君主立宪制国家。查尔斯三世国王是国家元首，总理是政府首脑。国家元首履行宪法职责但不参与政治，政府首脑则是政治领袖。
Canada shares its monarch with Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, but the monarch's role in each country is legally separate.
加拿大与澳大利亚、新西兰和英国共有同一位君主，但君主在各国的角色在法律上是分开的。
The Monarch appoints the Governor General on the Prime Minister's advice, usually for about five years. The Governor General's constitutional duties are:
君主依总理建议任命总督，任期通常约五年。总督的宪法职责包括：
Prorogation 休会: ending a session of Parliament. 结束一届议会会期。
Dissolution 解散议会: dissolving Parliament and calling an election. 解散议会并宣布选举。
Summoning 召集议会: calling Parliament together after an election. 选举后召集议会开会。
Swearing in 就职宣誓: swearing in the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 为总理和内阁成员举行就职宣誓。
Speech from the Throne 施政报告: reading the government's agenda at the start of each session. 每届会期开始时宣读政府的施政议程。
Royal Assent 御准: the final step that turns a bill into law. 使法案成为法律的最后一步。
The Governor General is also Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces, presents national honours, receives foreign ambassadors, leads state visits abroad and heads the Canadian Heraldic Authority.
总督还是加拿大军队的三军统帅，颁发国家荣誉，接受外国使节递交国书，率团出访，并领导加拿大纹章管理局。
Two powers stay with the Monarch personally. Only the Monarch can appoint a new Governor General, on the Prime Minister's advice. And in a deadlock, the Prime Minister can ask the Monarch to approve four or eight extra senators, shared equally among Canada's regions.
有两项权力由君主本人保留。一是只有君主才能依总理建议任命新总督。二是出现政治僵局时，总理可以请君主批准增设四名或八名参议员，由各大地区平均分配。
2. How Parliament Works · 议会如何运作
Canada's Parliament is bicameral: it has two chambers, the Senate and the House of Commons. The system is based on the United Kingdom's Westminster model.
加拿大议会实行两院制，由参议院和众议院组成，制度源自英国的威斯敏斯特模式。
2.1 The Role of the Senate · 参议院的角色
The Senate has a fixed 105 seats. Senators are appointed and serve until they must retire at 75, so election results do not change the Senate's makeup. This lets senators focus on long-term issues that may take years of study.
参议院席位固定为 105 席。参议员经任命产生，任职至 75 岁强制退休，选举结果不会改变参议院的组成。这让参议员能专注于可能需要数年研究的长期议题。
The Senate's main jobs are:
参议院的主要职责是：
Reviewing bills 审查法案: approving bills from the House unchanged, proposing amendments, or rejecting them. 对众议院送来的法案，可以原样批准、提出修正或否决。
Introducing bills 提出法案: senators can introduce and debate their own bills. 参议员可以提出并辩论自己的法案。
Investigating issues 调查议题: committees study issues such as mental health, aging and the media, and recommend changes to laws or policies. 委员会研究心理健康、人口老化、媒体等议题，并就法律或政策提出修改建议。
Representing regions and minorities 代表地区和少数群体: each senator represents a province or territory, and senators watch for groups whose rights may be overlooked. 每位参议员代表一个省或地区，并关注权利可能被忽视的群体。
In recent years, many senators have chosen not to join a political party. They sit as independents or in parliamentary groups that differ from the parties in the House.
近年来，许多参议员选择不加入政党，而是以独立身份或加入议会内的小组就座，这些小组不同于众议院的政党。
The Senate is the Canadian equivalent of the British House of Lords and shares its red décor, but it has a fixed number of seats and no hereditary or religious members.
参议院相当于英国的上议院（贵族院），同样以红色装饰，但席位数固定，也没有世袭或宗教议员。
2.2 The Role of the House of Commons · 众议院的角色
The House of Commons has 343 MPs, one for each riding, elected by population. Its main jobs are forming a government, passing bills, holding the government to account, deciding on budgets and taxes, and representing constituents.
众议院有 343 名议员，每个选区一名，按人口选出。主要职责是组建政府、通过法案、监督政府、决定预算和税收，以及代表选民。
Bills that raise taxes or spend public money must start in the House of Commons. Only the House holds confidence votes.
增税或动用公帑的法案必须由众议院提出。只有众议院举行信任投票。
MPs play different roles: the Speaker presides; the Prime Minister leads the government; Cabinet ministers run departments and answer for them; opposition MPs question the government; and backbenchers, most MPs, debate, sit on committees and speak for their ridings.
议员各有分工：议长主持会议；总理领导政府；内阁部长主管部门并就此接受质询；反对党议员质询政府；大多数议员是后座议员，负责辩论、参加委员会并为选区发声。
The Commons shares the British chamber's green décor and layout: government and opposition sit in rows facing each other, not in a circle.
众议院与英国下议院一样以绿色装饰，布局也相同：政府与反对党分排相对而坐，而不是围成圆形。
2.3 How a Bill Becomes a Law · 法案如何成为法律
Ideas for bills often come from Canadians, through petitions, meetings with parliamentarians and party platforms. Any senator or MP can introduce a bill.
法案的点子常常来自民众，比如请愿、与议员的会面和政党政纲。任何参议员或国会议员都可以提出法案。
At second reading, members debate the bill's main idea and vote on sending it to committee. At committee, a small group studies it clause by clause and hears witnesses. At third reading, members vote on the final version; a member can support a bill at second reading and still oppose it at third.
二读时辩论法案主旨，并表决是否交委员会。委员会阶段由少数议员逐条审查、听取证人意见。三读时表决最终文本；议员在二读时支持、三读时反对也是允许的。
If the second chamber amends a bill, it goes back to the first, and messages can pass back and forth until both agree. A bill not finished before a session ends dies.
如果第二院修改了法案，法案会退回原院，两院可以来回传递意见，直到双方达成一致。会期结束前未完成的法案即告失效。
Royal Assent is given either at a ceremony in the Senate Chamber, where the Governor General nods, or by the Governor General signing the bill. Royal Assent has never been refused to a federal bill in Canada.
御准有两种方式：一是在参议院举行仪式，总督点头表示同意；二是总督签署法案。加拿大从未有联邦法案被拒绝御准。
There are three kinds of bills:
法案分为三类：
Government bills 政府法案: introduced by a minister, parliamentary secretary or the Government Representative in the Senate; they take up most of Parliament's time. 由部长、议会秘书或政府在参议院的代表提出，占用议会大部分时间。
Private members' bills 私人议员法案: introduced by MPs or senators who are not ministers; the House sets aside one hour a sitting day for them. 由非部长的议员或参议员提出，众议院每个会议日留出一小时审议。
Private bills 私法案: give special powers or exemptions to a specific person or company; most start in the Senate. 为特定个人或公司授予特别权力或豁免，大多由参议院提出。
Senate bills are numbered with "S" (e.g. S-4), House bills with "C" (e.g. C-78).
参议院法案以「S」编号（如 S-4），众议院法案以「C」编号（如 C-78）。
2.4 Parliamentary Committees · 议会委员会
Much of Parliament's detailed work happens in committees. They study bills clause by clause, hear witnesses, collect written briefs, sometimes travel across Canada, propose amendments and write reports with recommendations.
议会大量细致工作在委员会完成。委员会逐条审查法案、听取证人意见、收集书面意见，有时赴各地考察，并提出修正案和建议报告。
Committees are small versions of their chamber, with seats shared roughly by party strength. Members elect a chair, supported by a non-partisan clerk and Library of Parliament analysts.
委员会是各院的缩小版，席位大致按各党实力分配。委员从成员中选出主席，由无党派的书记官和议会图书馆分析员提供支持。
Standing 常设委员会: permanent, usually 12 to 15 members, overseeing areas such as finance or transport. 常设，通常 12 至 15 人，负责财政、交通等领域。
Special 特别委员会: created for one issue, then ended after the final report. 为单一议题设立，提交最终报告后解散。
Legislative 立法委员会: study one specific bill. 审议某一项法案。
Joint 联合委员会: senators and MPs together, with two co-chairs. 参议员与众议员共同组成，设两名联合主席。
Committee of the whole 全院委员会: every member of one chamber, used for quick decisions. 一院全体成员，用于快速讨论或决定。
Most meetings are public and transcribed. Anyone can submit a brief or ask to appear as a witness. Some meetings are held in camera (closed), for example on report drafting or national security.
大多数会议公开并有文字记录。任何人都可以提交书面意见或申请出席作证。部分会议不公开，比如起草报告或涉及国家安全时。
2.5 Responsible Government · 责任政府
The government must keep the support, or confidence, of a majority of MPs to stay in power. Votes on the budget and the Speech from the Throne are automatically confidence votes; the government can declare others to be, and the opposition can move a confidence motion.
政府必须保持多数议员的支持（即「信任」）才能继续执政。预算案和施政报告的表决自动属于信任投票；政府也可以宣布其他表决为信任投票，反对党可以提出信任动议。
If the government loses a confidence vote, the Prime Minister and Cabinet traditionally resign or ask the Governor General to call an election. The Governor General may instead ask the leader of the largest opposition party to try to form a government.
政府输掉信任投票时，按传统总理和内阁会辞职，或请总督宣布选举。总督也可以请最大反对党领袖尝试组建政府。
The Official Opposition is the party with the second-most seats; its leader is the Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition. Opposition parties keep shadow cabinets, critics who follow each minister's area, ready to replace the government.
官方反对党是议席第二多的政党，其领袖称为「国王陡下的忠诚反对党领袖」。反对党设有影子内阁，由对应各部长领域的「批评员」组成，随时准备取代政府。
Responsible government does not apply to the Senate. A change of government does not change the Senate's makeup.
责任政府制度不适用于参议院，政府更替不会改变参议院的组成。
2.6 Majority and Minority Governments · 多数政府与少数政府
A majority government holds at least 172 of the 343 seats. It can pass any bill if its members vote together, and it usually serves a full four-year term. The opposition still questions it, works in committees and speaks to the media.
多数政府在 343 席中占至少 172 席。只要执政党议员一致投票，就能通过任何法案，通常可以做满四年任期。反对党仍会质询政府、参与委员会工作并向媒体发声。
A minority government has fewer than 172 seats and needs other parties' votes to pass laws and survive confidence votes. Laws often combine several parties' ideas, fewer laws may pass, and the government is less likely to last four years.
少数政府议席不足 172 席，需要其他政党的支持才能通过法律和撑过信任投票。法律常融合多个政党的主张，通过的法律可能较少，政府也较难做满四年。
A coalition government, with ministers from two or more parties in Cabinet, is common elsewhere but rare in Canada. Canadian minority governments more often rely on informal or written agreements with opposition parties.
联合政府是指内阁由两个或以上政党的部长组成，在其他国家很常见，在加拿大很少见。加拿大的少数政府更多是与反对党达成非正式或书面协议。
2.7 A Day in the Chambers · 议会的一天
Each sitting opens with bells and the Speaker's Parade. In the Senate, the Usher of the Black Rod leads, followed by the Mace Bearer; in the House, the Sergeant-at-Arms carries the Mace. The Mace stands for the authority of the Speaker and the chamber.
每次开会前会响铃，并举行议长游行。参议院由黑杖侍卫领头，议杖持有人随后；众议院由警卫官手持议杖领头。议杖象征议长和该院的权威。
The day follows these parts in both chambers, with different timing and rules:
两院的议程大致分为以下几部分，时间安排和规则各有不同：
Routine Proceedings 日常程序: tabling documents, giving notice of motions and presenting petitions. 提交文件、预告动议、呈递请愿书。
Government Business 政府事务: debate and votes on government bills. 辩论并表决政府法案。
Statements 发言: members raise local or personal matters. 议员就地方或关心的事项发言。
Question Period 质询时段: members question the government. 议员质询政府。
Non-government bills 非政府法案: bills from members who are not ministers. 非部长议员提出的法案。
Adjournment Proceedings 散会辩论: the House's last 30 minutes, for following up on Question Period. 众议院最后 30 分钟，用于追问质询时段的问题。
In the House, Question Period starts at 2:15 p.m. (11:15 a.m. on Fridays) and lasts 45 minutes. Each question and each answer gets 35 seconds, and the Leader of the Opposition usually asks first. Afterward, MPs often meet reporters in a "scrum" outside the chamber.
众议院的质询时段从下午 2:15 开始（周五为上午 11:15），持续 45 分钟。每个提问和回答各限 35 秒，通常由反对党领袖第一个提问。结束后，议员常在议事厅外接受记者的「围堵采访」。
In the Senate, Question Period lasts about 30 minutes, with no fixed time limit per question. Most questions go to the Government Representative in the Senate.
参议院的质询时段约 30 分钟，每个问题没有固定时限，大多数问题向政府在参议院的代表提出。
Other differences: the House gives opposition parties 22 "opposition days" a year to choose the debate topic, and sets the order of private members' bills by a random draw. The Senate cannot hold committee meetings while it sits, so committees meet before and after sittings.
其他不同之处：众议院每年给反对党 22 个「反对党日」，由反对党决定辩论议题；私人议员法案的审议顺序由抽签决定。参议院开会时不能同时开委员会，所以委员会在开会前后开。
2.8 Keeping Canadians Informed · 如何跟进议会
Both chambers publish transcripts of every sitting, called the Debates or Hansard, in English and French. The name comes from the Hansard family, who printed British debates from 1812 to 1892.
两院都以英法双语发布每次会议的文字记录，称为《辩论实录》（Hansard）。这个名字来自 1812 至 1892 年间印刷英国议会辩论记录的 Hansard 家族。
Canada was the first country to televise its parliament live, starting with the House in 1977. The Senate has broadcast all its sittings since 2019, and committee meetings are broadcast too.
加拿大是第一个电视直播议会辩论的国家，众议院从 1977 年开始直播，参议院自 2019 年起直播所有会议，委员会会议也有转播。
Visitors can watch from the public galleries, take guided tours of the Senate of Canada Building and West Block, and attend public committee hearings.
访客可以在公众旁听席观看会议，参加参议院大楼和西大楼的导览，也可以旁听公开的委员会听证会。
3. People in Parliament · 议会中的人
3.1 Monarch and Governor General · 君主与总督
The Monarch is part of Parliament, represented in Canada by the Governor General. Louise Arbour, a former Supreme Court justice, has been the 31st Governor General since June 8, 2026. Her constitutional duties are listed in section 1.2.
君主是议会的一部分，在加拿大由总督代表。前最高法院法官 Louise Arbour 自 2026 年 6 月 8 日起担任第 31 任总督。总督的宪法职责见第 1.2 节。
In Parliament, the Governor General reads the Speech from the Throne at the start of each session and grants Royal Assent, the final step that turns a bill into law.
在议会中，总督在每届会期开始时宣读施政报告，并给予御准，即使法案成为法律的最后一步。
3.2 Senators · 参议员
Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the Prime Minister's advice. From 2016, an independent advisory board gave the Prime Minister non-binding recommendations, with independence from political parties as one criterion. In July 2026, the government dropped the non-partisan requirement, appointed a new board and launched a new online application system; the first four senators under the new process were named on July 7, 2026. Senators come from fields such as law, medicine, the military, sports, journalism, education and business.
参议员由总督依总理建议任命。2016 年起，由一个独立咨询委员会向总理提出不具约束力的人选建议，评估标准之一是不隶属政党。2026 年 7 月，政府取消了无党派要求，组建新的咨询委员会并推出新的网上申请系统；新程序下的首批 4 名参议员于 2026 年 7 月 7 日获任命。参议员来自法律、医学、军队、体育、新闻、教育、商界等各个领域。
The Constitution requires a senator to be a Canadian citizen aged 30 to 75, to live in the province or territory represented, to own real estate worth at least $4,000 there, and to have a net worth of at least $4,000. Senators serve until 75.
宪法规定，参议员必须是 30 至 75 岁的加拿大公民，居住在所代表的省或地区，在当地拥有价值至少 4,000 加元的房地产，且净资产至少 4,000 加元。参议员任职至 75 岁。
The 105 seats are shared by region, not population: Ontario 24, Quebec 24, the Maritimes 24, the four western provinces 24 (British Columbia 6), Newfoundland and Labrador 6, and one for each territory. Quebec's 24 senators each represent a district. Only a constitutional amendment can change this.
105 个席位按地区而非人口分配：安省 24、魁省 24、海洋三省 24、西部四省 24（BC 省 6 席）、纽芬兰与拉布拉多 6 席，三个地区各 1 席。魁省的 24 名参议员各代表一个选区。只有修宪才能改变这一分配。
Senators debate and vote in Ottawa, spend much of their time in committees, and travel in their home regions to meet residents. They may join a party-affiliated group, a recognized parliamentary group, or stay unaffiliated; groups hold weekly caucus meetings in sitting weeks.
参议员在渥太华辩论和表决，大量时间用于委员会工作，并回到所代表的地区与居民交流。他们可以加入与政党挂钩的小组、加入受认可的议会小组，或保持无派别；各小组在开会周每周举行党团会议。
3.3 Members of Parliament · 国会议员
Canada has 343 MPs, each elected in one riding and representing about 110,000 people. Seats are based mainly on population and can be adjusted after each 10-year census; there were 181 MPs in 1867.
加拿大有 343 名国会议员，各自在一个选区当选，每人代表约 11 万人。席位主要按人口分配，可在每十年一次的人口普查后调整；1867 年时只有 181 名议员。
When the House sits, MPs work in Ottawa Monday to Friday and go home on weekends. Every few weeks they spend a week or more in their ridings. Each MP has an Ottawa office and one or more local offices, where constituents can get help with pensions, immigration, employment insurance and other federal matters.
众议院开会期间，议员周一至周五在渥太华工作，周末回选区；每隔几周还会在选区待上一周或更长。每位议员在渥太华有一间办公室，在选区有一间或多间办公室，选民可以在那里就养老金、移民、就业保险等联邦事务求助。
All MPs from one party form its caucus, which usually meets on Wednesday mornings when the House sits. Independent MPs have no caucus.
同一政党的全体议员组成该党的党团，通常在开会周的周三上午开会。独立议员没有党团。
3.4 The Speakers · 两院议长
The Speaker of the House of Commons is an MP elected by the other MPs by secret ballot, after each election or when the seat falls vacant. Ministers and party leaders cannot run. Francis Scarpaleggia became the 40th Speaker on May 26, 2025.
众议院议长是一名国会议员，在每次大选后或职位空缺时，由其他议员以不记名投票选出，部长和政党领袖不得参选。Francis Scarpaleggia 于 2025 年 5 月 26 日成为第 40 任议长。
The Commons Speaker keeps order, decides who speaks and rules on points of order and privilege; those rulings are final. The Speaker must treat the Prime Minister and opposition alike, does not debate, and votes only to break a tie, usually to keep things as they are. The Speaker also runs the House's administration and budget.
众议院议长维持秩序、决定发言顺序，并对程序问题和特权问题作出裁定，裁定为最终决定。议长必须对总理和反对党一视同仁，不参加辩论，只在票数相同时投票，且通常投给维持现状的一方。议长还负责众议院的行政和预算。
The Speaker of the Senate is appointed by the Governor General on the Prime Minister's recommendation. Raymonde Gagné became the 46th Speaker on May 12, 2023. The Senate Speaker keeps order and makes rulings, which senators can appeal, and represents the Senate abroad.
参议院议长由总督依总理建议任命。Raymonde Gagné 于 2023 年 5 月 12 日成为第 46 任议长。参议院议长维持秩序并作出裁定，参议员可以对裁定提出异议；议长还在外交场合代表参议院。
Unlike the Commons Speaker, the Senate Speaker may debate (leaving the Chair to do so) and may vote, but must vote first and cannot break a tie. The Senate Speaker is the only senator who wears the traditional court dress of black robe and tricorn hat.
与众议院议长不同，参议院议长可以参加辩论（需离开议长座位），也可以投票，但必须第一个投票，且不能打破平票。参议院议长是唯一穿着传统朝服（黑袍、三角帽）的参议员。
3.5 Key Roles in the House of Commons · 众议院的关键职位
Government MPs sit to the Speaker's right and opposition MPs to the left, in facing rows. The Prime Minister sits in the 11th seat to the Speaker's right, directly across from the Leader of the Official Opposition.
政府议员坐在议长右侧，反对党议员坐在左侧，分排相对。总理坐在议长右侧第 11 个座位，正对着官方反对党领袖。
Clerk and table officers 书记官与书记台官员: sit in front of the Speaker, advise on procedure and record decisions; the Clerk is the House's chief administrative officer. 坐在议长前方，提供程序意见并记录决定；书记官是众议院的行政长官。
Sergeant-at-Arms 警卫官: in charge of security and order; carries the Mace in the Speaker's Parade. 负责安保和秩序，在议长游行中手持议杖。
Proceedings and verification officers 议事记录员: produce Hansard in English and French after each sitting day. 每个会议日后以英法双语制作《辩论实录》。
Pages 议会侍从: first-year university students from across Canada who carry messages and documents. 来自全国各地的大一学生，负责传递消息和文件。
Key symbols: the Mace, without which the House cannot meet; the Speaker's Chair (Rhodes Chair), built in 1917 after the 1916 fire; the green décor, a British tradition of over 350 years; and the Bar of the House, a brass rail only MPs and staff may pass during a sitting.
重要象征物：议杖，没有它众议院就不能开会；议长座椅（Rhodes Chair），1916 年大火后于 1917 年制作；绿色装饰，沿用英国 350 多年的传统；议院栏杆，开会时只有议员和工作人员可以越过。
The House now meets in an interim chamber in West Block, laid out like the Centre Block chamber, which is closed for rehabilitation.
众议院目前在西大楼的临时议事厅开会，布局与正在修缮的中央大楼议事厅相同。
3.6 Key Roles in the Senate · 参议院的关键职位
Government Representative 政府代表: a senator appointed by the Prime Minister to move the government's bills through the Senate; can attend Cabinet and answers most Senate questions. 由总理任命的参议员，负责推动政府法案在参议院通过，可列席内阁会议，并回答参议院大部分提问。
Leader of the Opposition in the Senate 参议院反对党领袖: heads the largest non-government party in the Senate and challenges government bills. 领导参议院内最大的非执政党，质疑政府法案。
Clerk of the Senate and Clerk of the Parliaments 参议院书记官兼议会书记官: advises on procedure, runs Senate operations, and keeps the original Acts of Parliament. 提供程序意见、管理参议院日常运作，并保管已获御准法律的原件。
Usher of the Black Rod 黑杖侍卫: leads the Speaker's Parade, oversees security and organizes the Speech from the Throne and Royal Assent ceremonies; knocks on the Commons doors with the ebony Black Rod to summon MPs. 带领议长游行、负责安保，并筹办施政报告和御准仪式；会用乌木黑杖敲众议院的门，召议员前来。
Table officers, stenographers and pages 书记台官员、速记员和侍从: record decisions in the Journals of the Senate, produce Hansard, and assist senators. 在《参议院议事录》中记录决定、制作《辩论实录》并协助参议员。
Key symbols: the Thrones behind the Speaker's Chair, used by the Monarch or Governor General; the Mace, which must be on the table for the Senate to sit; the red décor that gives the "Red Chamber" its name; and the Bar of the Senate, behind which MPs must stand, except the Prime Minister when invited.
重要象征物：议长座椅后的王座，供君主或总督使用；议杖，放在桌上参议院才能开会；红色装饰，参议院因此被称为「红厅」；参议院栏杆，众议员必须站在栏杆之外，只有受邀的总理例外。
Sources · 来源
All pages were opened on October 28, 2026. 所有页面均于 2026 年 10 月 28 日打开核实。
Starting page · 起始页面
1. Canada's System of Government · 政府体制
2. How Parliament Works · 议会如何运作
3. People in Parliament · 议会中的人
Other · 其他
