A bilingual study guide based on Canada.ca's "How government works" and the pages it links to by Alliance of Chinese Conservatives.
本资料由加拿大华裔保守联盟AOCC整理自 Canada.ca 「How government works」及其各分支页面。
Contents · 目录
- Overview · 导读
- 1. Structure of Government · 政府结构
- 2. Democracy and Elections · 民主与选举
- 3. Government Appointments · 政府任命
- 4. Working with Other Governments · 与其他政府的关系
- 5. Crown Corporations · 国有企业
- Sources · 来源
Overview · 导读
Canada has three branches of government under the Crown. Voters elect the House of Commons, and the Prime Minister and Cabinet can govern only while they keep the House's confidence.
加拿大在王室之下有三个权力分支。选民选出众议院，总理和内阁只有在保有众议院信任时才能执政。
The King and Governor General hold formal power but act on the government's advice. Courts are independent of both the executive and Parliament.
国王和总督拥有形式上的权力，但依政府建议行事。法院独立于行政和议会。
Key Terms · 关键术语
| English | 中文 | Meaning · 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| The Crown | 王室 | The state's formal authority, embodied by the King · 国家的形式权威，由国王体现 |
| Governor General | 总督 | The King's representative in Canada · 国王在加拿大的代表 |
| Governor in Council (GIC) | 总督会同枢密院 | Formal name for decisions made by Cabinet and signed by the Governor General · 内阁作出、总督签署的决定的正式名称 |
| Privy Council | 枢密院 | Body that formally advises the Crown; Cabinet acts in its name · 正式向王室提供建议的机构，内阁以其名义行事 |
| Responsible government | 责任政府 | The government must answer to, and keep the support of, the elected House · 政府须向民选众议院负责并保持其支持 |
| Confidence | 信任 | Majority support of the House needed to stay in office · 继续执政所需的众议院多数支持 |
| Constitutional convention | 宪法惯例 | Binding political rule that is not written law · 有约束力但不是成文法的政治规则 |
| Riding | 选区 | Electoral district; each elects one MP · 选区，每区选一名议员 |
| Royal Assent | 御准 | Final step that turns a bill into law · 法案成为法律的最后一步 |
| Crown corporation | 国有企业 | Company wholly owned by the government · 政府全资拥有的公司 |
1. Structure of Government · 政府结构
Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. Formal power belongs to the Crown, but in practice it is used by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, who must keep the support of the elected House of Commons.
加拿大是君主立宪制兼议会民主制国家。形式上的权力属于王室（Crown），实际行使权力的是总理和内阁，而他们必须保持民选众议院的支持。
1.1 The Monarch · 君主
King Charles III is King of Canada and the Head of State. He embodies the Crown but does not govern. MPs, new citizens, and military and police officers swear allegiance to him as the symbol of the Constitution and shared values.
查尔斯三世是加拿大国王和国家元首。他代表王室，但不治理国家。国会议员、新入籍公民、军人和警官都要向他宣誓效忠，因为他象征宪法和共同价值。
Since 1953, the monarch has been proclaimed separately as sovereign of Canada. The role is legally distinct from the monarch's role in the United Kingdom.
自 1953 年起，君主以「加拿大君主」的身份单独宣告即位。这个角色在法律上与他作为英国君主的角色是分开的。
1.2 Governor General · 总督
The Governor General represents the King in Canada and carries out the Head of State's duties day to day. Louise Arbour, a former Supreme Court justice, was installed as the 31st Governor General on June 8, 2026.
总督在加拿大代表国王，日常履行国家元首的职责。前最高法院法官 Louise Arbour 于 2026 年 6 月 8 日就任，是第 31 任总督。
The Governor General acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, but keeps the right to advise, encourage and warn. Key duties: appointing a Prime Minister who can command the House's confidence, granting Royal Assent to bills, appointing Senators on the PM's advice, serving as commander-in-chief, and presenting national honours.
总督依总理和内阁的建议行事，但保留建议、鼓励和警告的权利。主要职责：任命能获得众议院信任的人为总理、对法案给予御准、依总理建议任命参议员、担任三军统帅、颁发国家荣誉。
1.3 Prime Minister · 总理
Voters do not elect the Prime Minister directly. The leader of the party that can win the confidence of the House, usually the party with the most seats, is appointed Prime Minister by the Governor General. The PM leads the government, chooses Cabinet, and answers MPs' questions in the House.
总理不是选民直选的。能获得众议院信任的政党领袖（通常是议席最多的政党）由总督任命为总理。总理领导政府、挑选内阁成员，并在众议院回答议员质询。
1.4 Cabinet and the Privy Council · 内阁与枢密院
Cabinet is the group of ministers that sets the government's policies and priorities. It acts in the name of the King's Privy Council for Canada. The Governor General appoints ministers on the PM's advice; almost all come from the House of Commons.
内阁是制定政府政策和优先事项的部长群体，以「加拿大国王枢密院」的名义行事。部长由总督依总理建议任命，几乎都来自众议院。
Two principles bind ministers. Under cabinet solidarity, ministers debate freely in private but must publicly support every decision. Under individual ministerial responsibility, each minister answers to Parliament for their department.
部长受两条原则约束。「内阁团结」：私下可以自由争论，但公开必须支持每一项决定。「部长个人责任」：每位部长就自己的部门向议会负责。
The Privy Council Office (PCO) is the public service department that supports the PM and Cabinet.
枢密院办公室（PCO）是支持总理和内阁的公务员部门。
1.5 Ministers, Secretaries of State, Parliamentary Secretaries · 部长、国务秘书、议会秘书
| Role 角色 | What they do 职责 | Count on Canada.ca 官网列出人数 |
|---|---|---|
| Minister 部长 | Heads a department; sits in Cabinet · 主管一个部门，是内阁成员 | 27 |
| Secretary of State 国务秘书 | Handles one policy area under a minister (e.g. Seniors, Sport) · 在部长之下负责一个政策领域（如老年人、体育） | 10 |
| Parliamentary Secretary 议会秘书 | An MP who assists a minister in the House · 协助部长在众议院工作的议员 | 39 |
Counts are tallied from the ministers directory as of October 2026 and change with each shuffle.
人数是按 2026 年 10 月的部长名录清点的，内阁改组后会变。
1.6 Parliament · 议会
Parliament has three parts: the King (represented by the Governor General), the appointed Senate, and the elected House of Commons. The House has 343 MPs, one per riding. The Senate has 105 members who give bills "sober second thought."
议会由三部分组成：国王（由总督代表）、任命产生的参议院、民选的众议院。众议院有 343 名议员，每个选区一名。参议院有 105 名参议员，负责对法案「冷静地再审一遍」。
How a bill becomes law · 法案如何成为法律
First reading 一读: the bill is introduced and made public. 提出法案并公开。
Second reading 二读: debate and vote on its main principle. 辩论并表决法案的主旨。
Committee stage 委员会审议: clause-by-clause study, witnesses, amendments. 逐条审查、听取证人、提出修正。
Report stage 报告阶段: the chamber debates the committee's changes. 全院讨论委员会的修改。
Third reading 三读: final debate and vote. 最后辩论并表决。
The other chamber 另一院: repeats the same steps. 另一院重复以上步骤。
Royal Assent 御准: once both chambers pass the same text, the Governor General grants assent and it becomes law. 两院通过相同文本后，总督给予御准，法案成为法律。
Tax and spending bills must start in the House of Commons. Bills from the House carry a "C" number (e.g. C-78); Senate bills carry an "S" number (e.g. S-4).
税收和拨款法案必须由众议院提出。众议院法案编号以「C」开头（如 C-78），参议院法案以「S」开头（如 S-4）。
1.7 Departments and Agencies · 部门与机构
The federal government runs through about 215 organizations: departments, agencies, Crown corporations, special operating agencies and others. Ministers set direction; the non-partisan public service carries out policy and delivers services.
联邦政府通过约 215 个机构运作，包括部门、机构、国有企业、特别运营机构等。部长定方向，无党派的公务员体系负责执行政策和提供服务。
The count of about 215 is tallied from the departments and agencies list; the page itself gives no total.
约 215 个是按部门与机构名单清点的，页面本身没有给出总数。
2. Democracy and Elections · 民主与选举
Canadians elect MPs, not a Prime Minister or a party. Whoever can hold the confidence of the House governs, and elections normally come every four years.
加拿大人选的是国会议员，不是总理，也不是政党。能保持众议院信任的一方执政，选举通常每四年一次。
2.1 How Government Is Formed · 政府如何组成
The party with the most seats usually forms the government, and its leader becomes Prime Minister. A party with more than half of the 343 seats (172 or more) forms a majority government; with fewer, it forms a minority government and needs other parties' votes to pass laws and survive confidence votes.
议席最多的政党通常组建政府，其领袖出任总理。赢得 343 席中超过一半（172 席或以上）即为多数政府；不足一半则为少数政府，需要其他政党的支持才能通过法案、撑过信任投票。
2.2 Confidence and Responsible Government · 信任与责任政府
To stay in power, the government must keep the "confidence" of a majority of MPs. Votes on the budget and the Speech from the Throne are confidence votes. If the government loses one, the Prime Minister normally resigns or asks the Governor General to call an election.
政府要继续执政，必须保有多数议员的「信任」。预算案和施政报告的表决都属于信任投票。政府若输掉信任投票，总理通常要辞职，或请总督解散议会、举行选举。
This rule is a constitutional convention, not a written law, so courts do not enforce it. Most rules of responsible government work this way, and conventions also limit what the Governor General can do.
这条规则是宪法惯例，不是成文法律，法院不会强制执行。责任政府的大部分规则都是这样运作的，总督的权力也受惯例限制。
2.3 The Electoral System · 选举制度
Canada uses First-Past-the-Post: in each riding, the candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority. A party's seat count is simply the number of its candidates who win, so a party's share of seats can differ a lot from its share of the national vote.
加拿大采用单一选区相对多数制：每个选区得票最多的候选人当选，不必过半。政党的议席数就是其当选候选人的数量，因此议席占比可能和全国得票率相差很大。
Voting is voluntary. Canadian citizens aged 18 or older on election day can vote, and they can check registration, their riding and their polling station at elections.ca.
投票是自愿的。选举日当天年满 18 岁的加拿大公民可以投票，可以在 elections.ca 查询登记状态、所属选区和投票站。
2.4 Election Timing · 选举时间
The Constitution allows at most five years between general elections. The Canada Elections Act fixes election day as the third Monday in October of the fourth calendar year after the last election; after the April 2025 election, that points to October 2029.
宪法规定两次大选相隔最多五年。《加拿大选举法》把选举日定在上次大选后第四个日历年的 10 月第三个星期一；以 2025 年 4 月大选推算，下一次应在 2029 年 10 月。
An election can come earlier if the Governor General dissolves Parliament on the Prime Minister's advice, or if the government loses a confidence vote and no other leader is asked to govern.
如果总督依总理建议解散议会，或政府输掉信任投票且总督未请其他领袖组阁，选举就会提前。
2.5 Electoral Districts · 选区划分
There are 343 ridings, set by a representation formula in the Constitution Act, 1867. After every 10-year census, an independent three-member commission in each province redraws the boundaries, chaired usually by a judge. Each of the three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut) is a single riding, so their boundaries are not redrawn.
全国共 343 个选区，数量由《1867 年宪法法案》的代表公式决定。每次十年一度的人口普查后，各省由一个三人独立委员会重划选区边界，通常由法官担任主席。三个地区（育空、西北地区、努纳武特）各自只有一个选区，因此不需要重划边界。
2.6 Parties and the Canada Elections Act · 政党与选举法
Parties register with the Chief Electoral Officer to get official status and financial benefits. A party registered at least 60 days before the writs are issued gets its name on the ballot.
政党向首席选举官登记，取得正式地位和财务方面的好处。在选举令发布前至少 60 天登记的政党，其名称可以印在选票上。
The Canada Elections Act sets the rules for voters, election officers, voting, advertising, third-party campaigns, campaign finance and enforcement. It was last amended on September 16, 2026.
《加拿大选举法》规范选民资格、选举官员、投票、选举广告、第三方竞选活动、竞选资金和执法，最近一次修订是 2026 年 9 月 16 日。
2.7 Leaders' Debates · 领导人辩论
Until 2015, TV networks organized the leaders' debates. Since 2018, the independent Leaders' Debates Commission has run one English and one French debate each election, set the rules on which leaders may take part, and reported to Parliament afterward.
2015 年以前，领导人辩论由电视网络主办。自 2018 年起，由独立的领导人辩论委员会在每次大选举办英法语各一场辩论，决定哪些领袖可以参加，并在事后向议会提交报告。
2.8 Protecting Democracy · 保护民主
The Plan to Protect Canada's Democracy, launched in 2019 and updated in March 2026, has four pillars. Its main tools are below.
「保护加拿大民主计划」于 2019 年推出，2026 年 3 月更新，分为四大支柱，主要措施如下。
| Pillar 支柱 | Main measures 主要措施 |
|---|---|
| Citizen preparedness 公民准备 | A panel that decides when to warn the public about threats during an election; the Digital Citizen Initiative; Get Cyber Safe · 选举期间决定何时向公众发出威胁警告的专门小组；数字公民计划；Get Cyber Safe 网络安全宣传 |
| Organizational readiness 机构准备 | Cyber security advice and classified threat briefings for parties · 为政党提供网络安全建议和机密威胁简报 |
| Combatting foreign interference 打击外国干预 | SITE Task Force (security and intelligence threats to elections); G7 Rapid Response Mechanism · SITE 选举安全威胁专责小组；G7 快速反应机制 |
| Healthy information ecosystem 健康信息环境 | Statement of Canadian Democratic Principles · 《加拿大民主原则声明》 |
3. Government Appointments · 政府任命
Many public offices are filled by appointment, not election: Senators, judges, and the heads and boards of federal agencies. There are four main routes.
许多公职是任命而非选举产生的：参议员、法官，以及联邦机构的负责人和董事会成员。主要有四种途径。
| Route 途径 | Who decides 由谁决定 | Typical positions 典型职位 |
|---|---|---|
| Governor in Council (GIC) 总督会同枢密院 | Cabinet, formalized by the Governor General · 内阁决定，总督正式任命 | Heads and board members of agencies, commissions, Crown corporations · 机构、委员会、国有企业的负责人和董事 |
| Judicial 法官 | Federal government, after advisory committees assess candidates · 联邦政府，先由咨询委员会评估 | Provincial superior courts, Federal Court, Tax Court, Supreme Court · 各省高等法院、联邦法院、税务法院、最高法院 |
| Ministerial 部长任命 | A single minister, under a law or agreement · 单个部长，依据法律或协议 | Advisory and program bodies · 咨询机构和项目机构 |
| Senate 参议院 | Governor General on the PM's advice, from an independent board's short-list · 总督依总理建议任命，人选来自独立委员会的推荐名单 | 105 Senators · 105 名参议员 |
3.1 Governor in Council · 总督会同枢密院任命
GIC appointments are made by the Governor General on the advice of Cabinet. The government says they follow three principles: competency, transparency and diversity. Vacancies are posted online, and anyone can apply.
GIC 任命由总督依内阁建议作出。政府称其遵循三项原则：能力、透明和多元。空缺职位在网上公开招募，任何人都可以申请。
3.2 Judges · 法官
The federal government appoints judges to every province's superior courts, the Federal Court of Appeal, the Federal Court and the Tax Court. Judicial Advisory Committees assess candidates first. Supreme Court of Canada judges go through a separate Independent Advisory Board.
联邦政府任命各省高等法院、联邦上诉法院、联邦法院和税务法院的法官，候选人先由司法咨询委员会评估。最高法院法官另经一个独立咨询委员会选拔。
Judges of the provincial courts, which hear most everyday cases, are appointed by the provinces, not Ottawa.
处理大部分日常案件的省级法院（provincial courts）法官由各省任命，不归联邦管。
3.3 Ministerial Appointments · 部长任命
Some positions are filled by a single minister without Cabinet approval. The power comes from a federal or provincial law, an intergovernmental or international agreement, or the document that created the body.
有些职位由单个部长任命，无需内阁批准。这项权力来自联邦或省级法律、政府间或国际协议，或设立该机构的文件。
3.4 Senators · 参议员
From 2016, the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments took applications from the public and gave the Prime Minister a short-list of five names for each vacancy, using criteria that included independence from political parties. In July 2026, the government replaced this process: it dropped the non-partisan requirement, appointed a new advisory board and launched a new online application system. The board's recommendations are still non-binding, and the first four senators under the new process were named on July 7, 2026.
2016 年起，「参议员任命独立咨询委员会」接受公众申请，每个空缺向总理提交五人推荐名单，评估标准包括不隶属政党的独立性。2026 年 7 月，政府改革了这套程序：取消无党派要求，组建新的咨询委员会，并推出新的网上申请系统。委员会的推荐仍不具约束力，新程序下的首批 4 名参议员于 2026 年 7 月 7 日获任命。
The Constitution also sets basic requirements: a Canadian citizen aged 30 to 74, living in the province they represent, with at least $4,000 in net property there. Senators must retire at 75.
宪法还规定了基本资格：加拿大公民，年龄 30 至 74 岁，居住在所代表的省，并在该省拥有至少 4,000 加元净资产。参议员 75 岁必须退休。
Seats are divided by region, not population: Ontario 24, Quebec 24, the Maritimes 24, the four western provinces 24 (BC has 6), Newfoundland and Labrador 6, and one for each territory.
参议院席位按地区而非人口分配：安省 24、魁省 24、海洋三省 24、西部四省 24（BC 省 6 席）、纽芬兰与拉布拉多 6，三个地区各 1 席。
4. Working with Other Governments · 与其他政府的关系
Ottawa shares power with the provinces under the Constitution, deals with Indigenous governments through treaties and rights, and represents Canada abroad.
联邦政府按宪法与各省分享权力，通过条约和权利框架与原住民政府打交道，并在国际上代表加拿大。
4.1 Federalism · 联邦制
Canada began in 1867 with four provinces and now has ten provinces and three territories. Federalism was chosen to accommodate diversity, especially French-speaking Quebec. The Constitution divides both powers and sources of revenue, and neither order of government can change it alone.
加拿大 1867 年以四个省立国，现在有十个省和三个地区。采用联邦制是为了容纳多元，特别是讲法语的魁北克。宪法划分了权力和税源，任何一级政府都不能单方面修改。
Only the federal and provincial governments have powers under the Constitution. Territories get their powers from federal law, and municipalities are created by provinces, which decide what they may do.
只有联邦和省两级政府的权力来自宪法。地区的权力由联邦法律授予；市政府由省设立，权限也由省决定。
4.2 Division of Powers · 权力划分
The main lists are in sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867.
主要清单见《1867 年宪法法案》第 91 条和第 92 条。
| Federal 联邦（s. 91） | Provincial 省（ss. 92, 92A, 93） | Shared 共管（ss. 94A, 95） |
|---|---|---|
| Defence 国防 | Education 教育 | Immigration 移民 |
| Criminal law 刑法 | Hospitals 医院 | Agriculture 农业 |
| Currency and banking 货币与银行 | Property and civil rights 财产与民事权利 | Old age pensions 养老金 |
| Trade and commerce 跨省及国际贸易 | Natural resources 自然资源 | |
| Citizenship 公民身份 | Municipalities 市政府 | |
| Employment insurance 就业保险 | Administration of justice 司法行政 | |
| Postal service 邮政 | Direct taxes within the province 省内直接税 | |
| Fisheries 渔业 | Local and private matters 地方性事务 |
Anything not listed belongs to Parliament under its power to make laws for "Peace, Order and good Government." Courts decide where newer areas such as health and the environment fall, and many end up shared.
未列明的事项归联邦议会，依据是其「和平、秩序与良好治理」立法权。健康、环境等新领域归谁管由法院判定，很多最后是共管。
In practice, most changes in who does what come through federal–provincial agreements, not constitutional amendments. The first such agreement, in 1868, was on immigration.
实际上，各级政府分工的变化大多通过联邦与省的协议实现，而不是修宪。第一份这类协议签于 1868 年，内容是移民。
4.3 Intergovernmental Relations · 政府间关系
The Constitution says nothing about how governments should cooperate; the practice grew by convention. The main forums are below.
宪法并未规定各级政府如何合作，相关做法是按惯例逐步形成的。主要机制如下。
First Ministers' Meetings 首脑会议: the Prime Minister and the 13 premiers; decisions by consensus. There were four in 2025, on issues such as US tariffs and internal trade barriers. 总理与 13 位省地区总理开会，以共识决策。2025 年共开了四次，议题包括美国关税和省际贸易壁垒。
Ministerial councils 部长理事会: federal and provincial ministers in one sector, such as environment or labour, meeting regularly. 同一领域（如环境、劳工）的联邦与省部长定期开会。
Officials' meetings 官员会议: deputy ministers and senior officials. 副部长和高级官员之间的会议。
CICS 政府间会议秘书处: since 1973, provides logistics for these meetings, with no policy role. 自 1973 年起为上述会议提供后勤支持，不参与政策。
The Prime Minister is supported by the Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (currently Dominic LeBlanc) and a secretariat in the Privy Council Office.
总理由政府间事务部长（现任 Dominic LeBlanc）和枢密院办公室的一个秘书处协助。
4.4 Indigenous Governments · 原住民政府
Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 recognizes and affirms Aboriginal and treaty rights of First Nations, Inuit and Métis. When a government decision might affect those rights, the Crown has a legal duty to consult and, where needed, accommodate.
《1982 年宪法法案》第 35 条承认并确认第一民族、因纽特人和梅蒂人的原住民权利与条约权利。政府决策可能影响这些权利时，王室负有法定的协商义务，必要时还要作出调整和通融。
Since 1975, Canada has signed 27 modern treaties, from the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement to the Whitecap Dakota self-government treaty in 2023. Together they cover about 600,000 km² of Indigenous-owned land and set out land rights, resource access and self-government.
自 1975 年起，加拿大共签署了 27 项现代条约，从《詹姆斯湾与魁北克北部协议》到 2023 年的 Whitecap Dakota 自治条约。这些条约涵盖约 60 万平方公里的原住民所有土地，规定了土地权、资源使用和自治。
4.5 International Relations · 国际关系
Global Affairs Canada runs foreign policy, trade agreements and sanctions, international development, Canada's embassies and consulates, and the record of treaties Canada has signed since 1928.
加拿大全球事务部负责外交政策、贸易协定与制裁、国际发展援助、驻外使领馆，并保存加拿大自 1928 年以来签署的条约记录。
5. Crown Corporations · 国有企业
A Crown corporation is a company wholly owned by the federal government. Ottawa uses one when it wants a public policy goal run at arm's length, on business lines. Familiar examples include Canada Post, CBC/Radio-Canada, VIA Rail, the Business Development Bank (BDC) and Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC).
国有企业（Crown corporation）是联邦政府全资拥有的公司。当政府希望某项公共政策目标与日常政务保持距离、按商业方式运作时，就会采用这种形式。常见例子有加拿大邮政、CBC/Radio-Canada、VIA 铁路、加拿大商业发展银行（BDC）和加拿大按揭与住房公司（CMHC）。
Each one has its own founding law, which sets its mandate. Part X of the Financial Administration Act sets the general rules for control and accountability. Some cultural corporations, such as CBC/Radio-Canada, are exempt from parts of it to protect their independence.
每家国企都有自己的设立法，规定其使命。《财政管理法》第十部分规定了控制与问责的通用规则。为保护独立性，CBC/Radio-Canada 等文化类国企可豁免部分条款。
5.1 Who Is Accountable · 问责链
| Level 层级 | Role 职责 |
|---|---|
| Board of directors 董事会 | Oversees management; approves the corporate plan, budgets and major projects · 监督管理层，批准企业计划、预算和重大项目 |
| Responsible minister 主管部长 | Links the corporation to Cabinet and Parliament; recommends directors; tables reports · 连接国企与内阁和议会，推荐董事人选，向议会提交报告 |
| Cabinet (Governor in Council) 内阁 | Approves the annual corporate plan; can issue public-interest directives · 批准年度企业计划，可以发出公共利益指令 |
| Parliament 议会 | Creates, sells or dissolves Crown corporations by law; receives annual reports · 通过立法设立、出售或解散国企，审阅年度报告 |
5.2 Oversight Tools · 监督工具
Annual audit 年度审计: an external audit of the financial statements every year, often by the Auditor General of Canada. 每年对财务报表进行外部审计，常由加拿大审计长执行。
Special examination 专项检查: a value-for-money review of management at least once every five years. 至少每五年一次的管理效益审查。
Audit committee 审计委员会: required when the board has four or more directors. 董事会有四名或以上董事时必须设立。
Directives 政府指令: Cabinet can order a corporation to act in the public interest; the minister must consult the board first, and the directive is tabled in Parliament. 内阁可以命令国企为公共利益行事，部长须先征询董事会，指令要提交议会。
The Treasury Board Secretariat page also covers board charters, lobbying rules, executive pay and director training. Those parts are written for board members and are only summarized here.
财政委员会秘书处的页面还包括董事会章程、游说规则、高管薪酬和董事培训等内容。这些是写给董事会成员看的，这里只作概括。
Sources · 来源
All pages were opened on October 28, 2026. 所有页面均于 2026 年 10 月 28 日打开核实。
Starting page · 起始页面
1. Structure · 政府结构
2. Democracy and elections · 民主与选举
3. Appointments · 政府任命
Prime Minister Carney modernises Senate appointment process – PMO, July 7, 2026
Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments – new application system
4. Other governments · 其他政府
5. Crown corporations · 国有企业
