A bilingual study guide based on the Standing Orders of the House of Commons and the House of Commons website by Alliance of Chinese Conservatives.
本资料由加拿大华裔保守联盟AOCC整理自众议院「Standing Orders」及众议院官方网站。
Contents · 目录
- What the Standing Orders Are · 议事规则是什么
- Presiding Officers and Members · 议长与议员
- Sittings and the Calendar · 开会日历与时间
- A Day in the House · 议院的一天
- Questions · 质询
- Debate, Decorum and Motions · 辩论、礼仪与动议
- Bills and Regulations · 法案与授权立法
- Money: Supply and Ways and Means · 财政程序
- Private Members' Business · 私人议员事务
- Committees · 委员会
- How Citizens Can Use the Rules · 公民如何利用这些规则
- Ethics Codes · 道德守则
1. What the Standing Orders Are · 议事规则是什么
The House's own rulebook · 议院自己的规则手册
The Standing Orders are the permanent written rules the House of Commons adopts to govern its own proceedings: how it elects its Speaker, when it sits, the order of business each day, how debate is conducted, how bills and spending are approved, and how committees work. The current version, consolidated as of April 27, 2026, is published in English and French on the House of Commons website.
议事规则是众议院为管理自身议事而采纳的长期成文规则，规定议院如何选举议长、何时开会、每天的议程顺序、如何进行辩论、如何批准法案和开支，以及委员会如何运作。现行版本整理至 2026 年 4 月 27 日，以英法两种语言在众议院网站上公布。
Who makes and changes them · 由谁制定和修改
The Standing Orders are not an Act of Parliament. The House adopts and amends them by its own decision, usually after a study by the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs, and the Senate has its own separate Rules. The House can also set a rule aside for a particular purpose with a special order, often by unanimous consent. Between the 60th and 90th sitting days of each new Parliament, the House holds a debate to review its Standing Orders and procedure, after which the subject stands referred to the Procedure and House Affairs committee.
议事规则不是议会通过的法律。它由众议院自行决定采纳和修改，通常先由程序与议院事务委员会研究；参议院另有自己的规则。议院也可以通过特别命令（special order）为某一特定目的暂时搞置某条规则，这常常需要全体一致同意。每届新议会的第 60 至第 90 个开会日之间，议院会举行一次辩论，检讨议事规则和议事程序，之后该议题交由程序与议院事务委员会继续审议。
When no rule applies · 规则没有规定时怎么办
No rulebook can foresee everything. Standing Order 1 says that in cases not provided for, procedural questions are decided by the Speaker (or the Chair of Committees of the Whole), guided by the House's own usages, forms, customs and precedents, and by parliamentary tradition in Canada and other jurisdictions so far as it applies. The Speaker's decisions on points of order are not debatable and cannot be appealed to the House (SO 10). Over time these rulings build up a body of precedent alongside the written rules.
任何规则都不可能预见所有情况。议事规则第 1 条规定：规则没有规定的程序问题，由议长（或全院委员会主席）决定，依据是议院自身的惯例、形式、习俗和先例，以及加拿大和其他地方可以适用的议会传统。议长对程序问题的裁决不得辩论，也不能向议院上诉（第 10 条）。日积月累，这些裁决在成文规则之外形成了一套先例。
Where the rules fit · 规则在制度中的位置
| Source · 来源 | Role · 作用 |
|---|---|
| Constitution Act, 1867 · 《1867 年宪法法案》 | Creates the House of Commons and sets basics such as the quorum of 20. · 设立众议院，并规定 20 人法定人数等基本事项。 |
| Parliament of Canada Act · 《加拿大议会法》 | Sets out parliamentary privilege and the administration of Parliament. · 规定议会特权和议会的行政管理。 |
| Standing Orders · 议事规则 | The House's own written rules for its daily work. · 议院为日常工作制定的成文规则。 |
| Speakers' rulings and practice · 议长裁决与惯例 | Fill the gaps and interpret the rules. · 填补规则的空白并解释规则。 |
| House of Commons Procedure and Practice · 《众议院程序与惯例》 | The reference book that explains the rules and precedents in detail. · 详细解释规则和先例的参考书。 |
2. Presiding Officers and Members · 议长与议员
Electing the Speaker · 选举议长
Electing a Speaker is the first business of every new Parliament, and of any time the office falls vacant. Until a Speaker is chosen, the chair is taken by the Member with the longest unbroken service who is not a minister and holds no office in the House, often called the Dean of the House. Ministers and party leaders cannot be Speaker. Every other Member is automatically a candidate unless they withdraw in writing by 6:00 p.m. the day before; candidates may each address the House for up to five minutes.
每届新议会开幕时，以及议长职位出缺时，首要任务都是选举议长。选出议长之前，由连续任职时间最长、且不是部长、也未在议院担任职务的议员主持，这位议员通常被称为「议院元老」（Dean of the House）。部长和政党领袖不得担任议长。其他议员自动成为候选人，除非在前一天下午 6 点前以书面形式退出；每位候选人可向议院发表最多五分钟的演讲。
The vote is by secret, ranked ballot: Members number the candidates in order of preference. If no one has a majority of first choices, the last-placed candidate is dropped and those ballots move to their next choice, until one candidate has a majority. The ballots are then destroyed and the counts are never disclosed. The election is not a question of confidence in the government.
投票采用无记名排序投票：议员按偏好顺序给候选人编号。如果没有人获得过半数的第一选择，就淘汰排名最后的候选人，其选票转给下一个选择，直至有人过半。之后选票销毁，票数一律不公开。议长选举不是对政府的信任问题。
The Speaker's role · 议长的职责
The Speaker keeps order and decorum and rules on points of order. The Speaker does not take part in debate and votes only to break a tie, giving reasons that are recorded in the Journals. A Member who disregards the Chair's authority can be named and ordered to withdraw for the rest of the sitting; one who keeps being irrelevant or repetitive after a warning can also be named.
议长负责维持秩序和礼仪，并对程序问题作出裁决。议长不参加辩论，只在票数相等时投决定票，理由记入议事日志。无视议长权威的议员可被点名，并被令在当天余下的会议中退场；经警告后仍然离题或重复的议员也可被点名。
Deputy Speaker and assistants · 副议长与助理副议长
The Deputy Speaker, who is also Chair of Committees of the Whole, is elected on the Speaker's nomination after consultation with the party leaders, and must have a full working knowledge of the official language that is not the Speaker's. Two Assistant Deputy Speakers also take the chair in turn.
副议长同时担任全院委员会主席，由议长在征询各党领袖后提名、经议院选出，并必须熟练掌握议长母语以外的另一种官方语言。另有两名助理副议长轮流主持会议。
Members' duties · 议员的义务
Members are bound to attend the sittings of the House. Since 2023 the rules allow them to take part either in person or by videoconference, as long as they are in Canada. Other rules in this chapter forbid interrupting a Member who is speaking except on a point of order, forbid offensive words against the House or any Member, and treat offering money or any other advantage to a Member to influence Parliament as a serious offence.
议员有义务出席议院会议。自 2023 年起，规则允许议员亲身出席，或在身处加拿大境内时通过视频会议参与。本章的其他规定包括：除提出程序问题外，不得打断正在发言的议员；不得使用冒犯议院或任何议员的言辞；向议员提供金钱或其他好处以影响议会，属于严重罪行。
3. Sittings and the Calendar · 开会日历与时间
Sitting hours · 每天的开会时间
Under Standing Order 24, the House meets at 11:00 a.m. on Mondays, 10:00 a.m. on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, and 2:00 p.m. on Wednesdays. It ordinarily adjourns at 6:30 p.m., or 2:30 p.m. on Fridays; from Monday to Thursday, adjournment proceedings can add up to 30 minutes at the end of the day.
根据议事规则第 24 条，众议院周一上午 11 点开会，周二、周四和周五上午 10 点开会，周三下午 2 点开会。通常在下午 6 点半散会，周五则在下午 2 点半散会；周一至周四，散会辩论可在一天结束时再延长最多 30 分钟。
Question Period comes at the same time Monday to Thursday, right after Members' statements at 2:00 p.m.; on Fridays it moves to the morning. The length of Routine Proceedings varies from day to day, and the rest of that block goes to Government Orders. Section 4 explains each part of the day.
周一至周四，质询时间都在同一时段，紧接在下午 2 点的议员声明之后；周五则移到上午。例行程序的长短每天不同，该时段剩余的时间用于政府议程。第 4 节会逐一说明每天的各个环节。
The yearly calendar · 全年日历
By September 30 each year, the Speaker tables a calendar for the following year showing which weeks the House will sit; in the non-sitting weeks, Members work in their ridings. The House does not sit on statutory holidays. While the House is adjourned, the Speaker can recall it early if the public interest requires, after consulting the government. In the last ten sitting days before June 23, a minister can move to extend the daily hours, which is why the House often sits late into the evening in June.
每年 9 月 30 日前，议长会提交下一年的日历，列明哪些周开会；不开会的周里，议员回到选区工作。法定假日不开会。议院休会期间，如果公共利益需要，议长在征询政府后可以提前召集议院。在 6 月 23 日之前的最后十个开会日，部长可以动议延长每天的开会时间，所以议院在 6 月常常开会到深夜。
Quorum · 法定人数
The quorum is 20 Members, including the Speaker. If quorum is lost during a sitting, the bells can ring for up to 15 minutes; if 20 Members are still not present, the Speaker adjourns the House until the next sitting day.
法定人数为 20 名议员（含议长）。如果会议中途人数不足，可响铃最多 15 分钟；如果仍不足 20 人，议长宣布休会至下一个开会日。
4. A Day in the House · 议院的一天
Routine Proceedings · 例行程序
Routine Proceedings is the fixed list of short items the House takes up every day, in this order:
例行程序是议院每天处理的一组固定的简短事项，顺序如下：
Tabling of Documents · 提交文件
Introduction of Government Bills · 提出政府法案
Statements by Ministers · 部长声明
Presenting Reports from Interparliamentary Delegations · 提交议会间代表团报告
Presenting Reports from Committees · 提交委员会报告
Introduction of Private Members' Bills · 提出私人议员法案
First Reading of Senate Public Bills · 参议院公共法案一读
Motions · 动议
Presenting Petitions · 递交请愿书
Questions on the Order Paper · 议程表上的书面质询
Statements by Members · 议员声明
At 2:00 p.m. from Monday to Thursday, and 11:00 a.m. on Fridays, Members who are not ministers may each make a statement of up to one minute on any subject: honouring a local volunteer, marking a cultural festival, or criticizing the government. These are often called "S.O. 31s", after the Standing Order that allows them.
周一至周四下午 2 点、周五上午 11 点，非部长议员可就任何话题各发表最多一分钟的声明：表扬社区义工、庆祝文化节庆，或批评政府都可以。这类声明常以其依据的规则条文称为「S.O. 31」。
Oral Questions · 口头质询
Oral Questions, better known as Question Period, starts no later than 2:15 p.m. from Monday to Thursday and 11:15 a.m. on Fridays, and runs for 45 minutes. It is the most watched part of the day; section 5 covers it in detail. Recorded votes that were put off earlier in the day are usually held right after it.
口头质询，即人们常说的「质询时间」，周一至周四不晚于下午 2 点 15 分开始，周五不晚于上午 11 点 15 分开始，时长 45 分钟。这是一天中最受关注的环节，第 5 节会详细介绍。当天较早时候推迟的记名表决通常在质询时间之后紧接着举行。
Government Orders and Private Members' Business · 政府议程与私人议员事务
Most of the sitting week goes to Government Orders: the government decides which of its bills and motions are debated, and in what order. One hour each day is reserved for Private Members' Business, the bills and motions of Members who are not ministers (see section 9).
一周的大部分开会时间用于政府议程：由政府决定辩论哪些法案和动议、顺序如何。每天另留出一小时用于私人议员事务，即非部长议员提出的法案和动议（见第 9 节）。
Recorded votes · 记名表决
When a recorded division is requested, bells call Members to the chamber for up to 30 minutes. On Monday to Thursday, a vote requested before 2:00 p.m. is normally put off until the end of that day's Question Period, and one requested later, or on a Friday, until after the next Question Period that is not on a Friday. Members can also vote electronically, within a 10-minute voting window.
要求记名表决时，召集议员回到议事厅的铃声最长响 30 分钟。周一至周四下午 2 点前要求的表决，一般推迟到当天质询时间结束时进行；下午 2 点后或周五要求的表决，则推迟到下一个非周五的质询时间之后。议员也可以在 10 分钟的投票时段内进行电子投票。
Adjournment proceedings · 散会辩论
At the end of the day from Monday to Thursday, up to 30 minutes are set aside for adjournment proceedings, nicknamed the "late show". A Member who was not satisfied with an answer in Question Period can raise the matter again and receive a reply from a minister or parliamentary secretary (see section 5).
周一至周四每天散会时，最多留出 30 分钟进行散会辩论，俗称「late show」。对质询时间的答复不满意的议员，可在此重新提出该问题，由部长或议会秘书作答（见第 5 节）。
5. Questions · 质询
Question Period · 质询时间
Question Period is the opposition's main daily chance to hold the government to account in public. Questions are meant to be urgent and to concern matters within the government's responsibility; if the Speaker finds a question is not urgent, the Speaker can direct that it be put on the Order Paper as a written question instead. By custom, the Speaker recognizes Members according to lists provided by the parties, and the government decides which minister answers.
质询时间是反对党每天公开问责政府的主要机会。问题应当具有紧迫性，并涉及政府职责范围内的事务；如果议长认为某个问题并不紧迫，可以指示将其列入议程表，改为书面质询。按惯例，议长根据各政党提交的名单点议员发言，由政府决定哪位部长作答。
Written questions · 书面质询
A Member can also put detailed questions in writing on the Order Paper, the House's daily agenda. Each Member may have no more than four written questions on the Order Paper at once. If the Member asks for an answer within 45 days and the government misses that deadline, the failure is automatically referred to the relevant standing committee, whose chair must call a meeting within five sitting days. Written questions are useful for getting figures and facts that cannot be covered in a 35-second exchange.
议员也可以在议程表（Order Paper，即议院每天的议程）上提出详细的书面问题。每位议员同时列在议程表上的书面问题不得超过四个。如果议员要求在 45 天内答复而政府未能按时答复，此事会自动交给相关常设委员会，该委员会主席必须在五个开会日内召开会议。书面质询适合索取口头质询短短几十秒内无法涵盖的数字和事实。
The "late show" · 散会辩论
A Member who is not satisfied with an answer in Question Period can give the Speaker written notice, within one hour after Question Period, that they want to raise the matter again at adjournment proceedings. Each matter gets up to 10 minutes: the Member speaks for up to four minutes, a minister or parliamentary secretary replies for up to four minutes, and each then has one more minute. The whole segment lasts no more than 30 minutes, and the Speaker decides the order when several Members have given notice.
对质询时间的答复不满意的议员，可在质询时间结束后一小时内书面通知议长，要求在散会辩论中重新提出该问题。每个问题最多 10 分钟：议员发言最多四分钟，部长或议会秘书答复最多四分钟，双方再各有一分钟。整个环节不超过 30 分钟；多位议员提出通知时，由议长决定顺序。
6. Debate, Decorum and Motions · 辩论、礼仪与动议
Speaking times · 发言时限
In most debates a Member may speak for up to 20 minutes, followed by up to 10 minutes of questions and comments from other Members; shorter 10-minute speeches are followed by five minutes of questions. A party whip can ask for a 20-minute slot to be split between two Members. The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and a minister moving a government order are not bound by the 20-minute limit. As a rule, a Member may speak only once to the same question, though the mover of a main motion has a right of reply that closes the debate.
大多数辩论中，议员每次发言最长 20 分钟，之后有最多 10 分钟供其他议员提问和评论；较短的 10 分钟发言之后则有五分钟提问。党鞭可以要求将一个 20 分钟的发言时段分给两位议员。总理、反对党领袖以及提出政府议程的部长不受 20 分钟限制。一般而言，议员对同一问题只能发言一次，但主动议的提出人享有答辩权，其答辩即结束辩论。
Decorum · 议事礼仪
Members address all their remarks to the Speaker, not to each other, and by custom refer to other Members by their title or riding rather than by name. The rules forbid offensive words against the House or any Member, and forbid interrupting a Member who has the floor except on a point of order. Calling another Member a liar is treated as unparliamentary language that must be withdrawn. The Speaker can name a Member who refuses to obey, which removes that Member for the rest of the day.
议员的所有发言都要对议长讲，而不是直接对其他议员讲；按惯例，提到其他议员时用其职衔或选区名称，而不直呼其名。规则禁止使用冒犯议院或任何议员的言辞，也禁止打断正在发言的议员（提出程序问题除外）。指责其他议员撒谎属于不合议会规范的用语，必须收回。拒不服从的议员可被议长点名，当天余下的会议不得参加。
Motions and notice · 动议与提前通知
Almost every decision of the House begins as a motion. Most substantive motions, including a motion to introduce a bill, require 48 hours' written notice, filed before 6:00 p.m. (2:00 p.m. on Fridays), so that Members are not taken by surprise. The rules can be waived by unanimous consent, which is how many routine arrangements are made quickly.
议院几乎所有的决定都从一项动议开始。大多数实质性动议（包括提出法案的动议）都需要提前 48 小时书面通知，并须在下午 6 点（周五为下午 2 点）前提交，以免议员措手不及。全体一致同意可以豁免这些规定，许多日常安排就是这样迅速达成的。
Limiting debate · 限制辩论
A government that wants a debate to end has two tools. With closure (SO 57), a minister gives notice at an earlier sitting and then moves that the debate not be further adjourned; the motion is voted on without debate, and each Member may then speak only once, for up to 20 minutes, before the question is put. With time allocation (SO 78), the House sets a fixed number of days or hours for a stage of a bill. It can be agreed by all parties, by a majority of the parties, or, failing agreement, imposed on a minister's motion after notice, though each stage must still get at least one sitting day. Before a closure or imposed time-allocation motion is voted on, Members may question the responsible minister for up to 30 minutes.
政府想要结束某项辩论时，有两种工具。采用终止辩论（第 57 条）时，部长须在先前的会议上发出通知，然后动议不再延期辩论；该动议不经辩论即付表决，之后每位议员只能发言一次、最长 20 分钟，然后就问题进行表决。采用限时辩论（第 78 条）时，议院为法案的某个阶段规定固定的天数或小时数。它可以由所有政党或多数政党商定；如果达不成协议，部长可在发出通知后动议强制实施，但每个阶段至少要有一个开会日。对终止辩论动议或强制限时动议表决之前，议员可向负责的部长提问，时间最多 30 分钟。
Special debates · 特别辩论
| Debate · 辩论 | How it works · 运作方式 |
|---|---|
| Speech from the Throne · 施政报告辩论 | Up to six sitting days of debate on the reply to the Throne Speech. · 对施政报告的答词进行最多六个开会日的辩论。 |
| Emergency debate (SO 52) · 紧急辩论 | Any Member may ask, with one hour's written notice to the Speaker; the Speaker alone decides whether the matter is a genuine emergency, and the debate is usually held that evening. · 任何议员均可提前一小时书面通知议长提出申请；由议长独自决定事项是否确属紧急，辩论通常在当晚举行。 |
| Take-note debate (SO 53.1) · 记录意见辩论 | A minister proposes it after consulting the other parties; Members share views on a topic for up to four hours in the evening, with no vote. · 由部长在征询其他政党后提出；议员在晚间就某一话题发表意见，最多四小时，不付表决。 |
7. Bills and Regulations · 法案与授权立法
Public bills · 公共法案
A public bill passes through first reading, second reading, study in committee, report stage and third reading, and must then pass the Senate in the same form before royal assent. These stages are explained in our guide House of Commons Procedure and Practice. The Standing Orders add some useful details:
公共法案要经过一读、二读、委员会审查、报告阶段和三读，然后须以相同文本在参议院通过，再获御准。这些阶段在我们的《众议院程序与惯例》指南中已有说明。议事规则还规定了以下细节：
Committee before second reading. A minister may move to send a government bill to committee before second reading, so that Members can propose broader changes while the bill's principle is still open. Debate on that motion is limited to five hours. · 二读前交委员会。部长可以动议在二读前把政府法案交给委员会，使议员在法案原则尚未确定时就能提出较大的修改。对该动议的辩论以五小时为限。
Report stage. Report stage cannot begin until the second sitting day after the committee reports. Amendments must be on notice by the day before, and each Member may speak once, for up to 10 minutes, on each amendment. · 报告阶段。委员会提交报告后第二个开会日之前不得开始报告阶段。修正案须在前一天提交通知，每位议员就每项修正案只能发言一次、最长 10 分钟。
Money bills. A bill that spends public money or raises taxes must start with a minister; see section 8. · 财政法案。涉及动用公帑或加税的法案必须由部长提出，见第 8 节。
Regulations made under laws · 根据法律制定的法规
Many laws let the government fill in details by making regulations, also called delegated legislation. These are reviewed by the Standing Joint Committee for the Scrutiny of Regulations, made up of Members and senators. If the committee concludes that a regulation should be revoked, it gives the authority that made it 30 days' notice and may then report a resolution to revoke it. That resolution is deemed adopted on the 15th sitting day after the report unless a minister moves that it not be adopted; if the House defeats the minister's motion, the resolution is adopted.
许多法律授权政府制定法规来补充细节，这也称为授权立法。这些法规由众议员和参议员组成的法规审查联合常设委员会审查。如果该委员会认为某项法规应予撤销，须提前 30 天通知制定机关，然后可向议院提交撤销决议。除非部长动议不予采纳，该决议在报告提交后第 15 个开会日视为通过；如果议院否决部长的动议，该决议即获通过。
8. Money: Supply and Ways and Means · 财政程序
Two kinds of money business · 两类财政事务
The House controls the public purse in two ways. Supply is about spending: the government must ask the House to approve the money it plans to spend. Ways and Means is about raising money, mainly through taxes, and includes the budget. Only a minister can propose spending or new taxes, but only the House can approve them, and a defeat on a major money vote is traditionally treated as a loss of confidence in the government.
众议院通过两种方式掌控公共财政。拨款（Supply）关乎支出：政府必须请议院批准其计划支出的款项。筹款（Ways and Means）关乎收入，主要是税收，预算也属于这一类。只有部长可以提出开支或新税，但只有议院可以批准；政府如果在重要的财政表决中失败，按传统视为失去议院信任。
The supply cycle · 拨款周期
The year is divided into three supply periods, ending no later than December 10, March 26 and June 23. Each period ends with votes on the estimates and the related appropriation bill. The Main Estimates for the coming fiscal year are referred to standing committees by March 1, and the committees must report on them by May 31; Supplementary Estimates asking for additional money are referred as soon as they are tabled. By May 1, the Leader of the Opposition may choose up to two departments whose estimates are examined for up to four hours in Committee of the Whole.
一年分为三个拨款期，分别不晚于 12 月 10 日、3 月 26 日和 6 月 23 日结束。每个拨款期结束时，议院就概算和相关拨款法案进行表决。下一财年的主要概算于 3 月 1 日前交给各常设委员会，委员会须在 5 月 31 日前提交报告；申请追加款项的补充概算一经提交即交给委员会。反对党领袖可在 5 月 1 日前选定最多两个部门，其概算在全院委员会中接受最多四小时的审查。
Opposition days · 反对党日
The rules give the opposition 22 allotted days a year (7 in the December period, 7 in the March period and 8 in the June period), commonly called opposition days. On these days only opposition Members may move motions, and the opposition chooses the subject, often to embarrass the government or force a vote on an issue it has avoided. Opposition motions are votable unless the sponsor decides otherwise.
规则每年给反对党 22 个分配日（12 月期 7 天、3 月期 7 天、6 月期 8 天），通称反对党日。这些日子里只有反对党议员可以提出动议，议题由反对党决定，常用来让政府难堇，或迫使议院就政府回避的问题表决。除非提出人另有决定，反对党动议都要付表决。
The budget · 预算
The Minister of Finance presents the budget on a day set in advance, together with a motion asking the House to approve the government's budgetary policy in general. The budget debate lasts no more than four sitting days, with votes on an opposition subamendment on the second day, an amendment on the third day and the main motion on the fourth. Specific tax changes then come forward as ways and means motions, each of which leads to a bill. Before the budget, the Standing Committee on Finance holds pre-budget consultations starting in September (see section 11).
财政部长在事先安排的日子发表预算，同时提出一项动议，请议院总体批准政府的预算政策。预算辩论最多四个开会日：第二天表决反对党的次修正案，第三天表决修正案，第四天表决主动议。具体的税收调整随后以筹款动议的形式提出，每项动议都会形成一项法案。预算发表前，财政常设委员会从 9 月起举行预算前咨询（见第 11 节）。
9. Private Members' Business · 私人议员事务
A lottery decides the order · 抽签决定顺序
At the start of each Parliament, the Clerk holds a random draw of all Members' names. On the 20th sitting day after the draw, the first 30 names form the order of precedence, the list of items that will actually be debated; when it runs low, the next 15 names are added. The Speaker, the Deputy Speaker, ministers and parliamentary secretaries cannot take part while they hold those offices. Each Member gets one item in the order of precedence, so a Member with several bills or motions must choose one.
每届议会开始时，书记官对全体议员的名字进行随机抽签。抽签后第 20 个开会日，排在前 30 位的名字组成审议顺序表，即真正会被辩论的事项清单；事项不足时再补入后面 15 个名字。议长、副议长、部长和议会秘书在任职期间不参与。每位议员在审议顺序表中只能有一项事项，有多项法案或动议的议员必须从中选一项。
Debate and votes · 辩论与表决
A private Member's bill or motion gets two hours of debate at second reading, with at least ten sitting days between the first and second hour; the question is then put to a vote. The sponsor opens with up to 15 minutes and may close with up to five. Amendments need the sponsor's consent, and recorded votes are usually held on the following Wednesday. A subcommittee can declare an item non-votable, for example if it is clearly unconstitutional, but the sponsor can appeal.
私人议员法案或动议在二读阶段有两小时的辩论时间，第一小时和第二小时之间至少相隔十个开会日，之后付表决。提出人开场发言最长 15 分钟，结束时可再发言最长五分钟。修正案须经提出人同意，记名表决通常在下一个周三举行。小组委员会可以宣布某一事项不付表决，例如明显违宪的事项，但提出人可以提出申诉。
Why it matters · 为什么重要
Private Members' Business is the main way an ordinary MP can put an issue on the national agenda, and some private Members' bills do become law. Because the lottery decides who goes first, a community group with an idea for a law has the best chance by working with an MP whose name is high in the order of precedence.
私人议员事务是普通议员把议题推上全国议程的主要途径，确实有一些私人议员法案最终成为法律。由于先后顺序由抽签决定，有立法想法的社区团体，最好与在审议顺序表上排名靠前的议员合作。
10. Committees · 委员会
Kinds of committees · 委员会的类型
| Committee · 委员会 | What it is · 说明 |
|---|---|
| Committee of the Whole · 全院委员会 | All Members sitting as one committee in the chamber, chaired by the Deputy Speaker; used for appropriation bills, some estimates and take-note debates. · 全体议员在议事厅内组成一个委员会，由副议长主持；用于拨款法案、部分概算和记录意见辩论。 |
| Standing committees · 常设委员会 | 25 permanent committees, each following a subject or set of departments, from Agriculture to Veterans Affairs. · 25 个常设委员会，各自负责一个领域或一组部门，从农业到退伍军人事务。 |
| Special and legislative committees · 特别委员会与立法委员会 | Set up for a single study or bill, with no more than 15 members. · 为某一项研究或法案而设，成员不超过 15 人。 |
| Joint committees · 联合委员会 | Members and senators together: the Library of Parliament, and the Scrutiny of Regulations. · 众议员与参议员共同组成：议会图书馆委员会和法规审查委员会。 |
Membership and chairs · 成员与主席
Seats on committees are shared among the recognized parties roughly in proportion to their seats in the House; in the current Parliament most standing committees have 12 members. Ministers cannot sit on committees. Most committees are chaired by a government Member, but four oversight committees, namely Public Accounts; Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics; Government Operations and Estimates; and Status of Women, are chaired by a Member of the Official Opposition.
委员会席位大致按各正式承认政党在议院的席位比例分配；本届议会大多数常设委员会有 12 名成员。部长不得担任委员会成员。多数委员会由执政党议员任主席，但四个监督性质的委员会——公共账目委员会、信息公开、隐私与道德委员会、政府运作与概算委员会以及妇女地位委员会——由官方反对党议员任主席。
What committees can do · 委员会的权力
Standing committees can send for persons, papers and records, meaning they can summon witnesses and order documents, and can meet whether or not the House is sitting. Four members of a committee from at least two recognized parties can file a written request for a meeting, and the chair must then call one within five days, a tool the opposition often uses to start an urgent study. If a committee asks for it, the government must table a comprehensive response to the committee's report within 120 days.
常设委员会有权传唤人员、调取文件和记录，即可传唤证人、要求提供文件，并且无论议院是否开会都可以开会。来自至少两个正式承认政党的四名委员可以书面要求开会，主席必须在五天内召开会议，反对党常用这一办法启动紧急调查。如果委员会提出要求，政府必须在 120 天内就委员会报告提交全面答复。
11. How Citizens Can Use the Rules · 公民如何利用这些规则
Petitions · 请愿
Any Canadian citizen or resident can petition the House through an MP. The rules set clear thresholds:
任何加拿大公民或居民都可以通过议员向众议院请愿。规则对此有明确的门槛：
| Paper petition · 纸质请愿 | E-petition · 电子请愿 | |
|---|---|---|
| Signatures needed · 所需签名 | At least 25 · 至少 25 个 | At least 500 · 至少 500 个 |
| Who can sign · 谁可以签名 | Canadian citizens or residents, not MPs · 加拿大公民或居民，议员除外 | Same · 同左 |
| Other rules · 其他规定 | Checked by the Clerk of Petitions for form and content · 由请愿书记官审查格式和内容 | No more than 250 words and no links; needs an MP's sponsorship; open for 30, 60, 90 or 120 days; one open e-petition per person · 不超过 250 个词、不得含链接；须有一位议员担保；开放签名 30、60、90 或 120 天；每人同时只能有一份开放中的电子请愿 |
Once an MP presents a certified petition, the government must respond within 45 days. If it does not, the matter is referred to the relevant standing committee, which must meet on it within five sitting days.
议员递交经认证的请愿书后，政府必须在 45 天内答复。如果未能答复，此事会交给相关常设委员会，该委员会必须在五个开会日内开会处理。
Committees · 委员会
Anyone, individual or organization, may send a written brief to a committee on a study it is doing, even without being invited to appear. Briefs should generally be no more than 10 pages, must be in English or French, and become public. To appear as a witness, email the committee clerk early in the study, explaining your interest and expertise; the committee decides its witness list. Each fall, the Finance committee's pre-budget consultations are one of the most open opportunities to make recommendations.
任何个人或机构都可以就委员会正在进行的研究提交书面意见，即使没有受邀出席也可以。书面意见一般不超过 10 页，必须使用英文或法文，并会公开。如果希望以证人身份出席，应在研究初期尽早发电邮给委员会书记官，说明自己的关注点和专长，证人名单由委员会决定。每年秋季，财政委员会的预算前咨询是最开放的建言机会之一。
Ask through your MP · 通过议员提问
Citizens cannot question ministers directly, but they can ask their MP to raise an issue in a one-minute statement, in Question Period or as a written question on the Order Paper, which must be answered within 45 days if the MP asks. Mail to any MP can be sent postage-free to House of Commons, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A6.
公民不能直接质询部长，但可以请自己的议员在一分钟声明、质询时间中提出问题，或在议程表上提出书面质询；如议员提出要求，政府须在 45 天内答复。寄给任何议员的信件都免邮费，地址为：House of Commons, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0A6。
Watch and follow · 旁听与关注
The public gallery of the chamber is open during sittings, and most committee meetings are public. Debates and committee meetings can be watched live or later on ParlVU, the official record of debates is published in Hansard, and the progress of every bill can be followed on LEGISinfo.
议事厅的公众旁听席在开会时开放，大多数委员会会议也对公众开放。议院辩论和委员会会议可在 ParlVU 上观看直播或重播，官方辩论记录刊登在《议事录》（Hansard）上，每项法案的进展都可在 LEGISinfo 上查询。
12. Ethics Codes · 道德守则
Conflict of Interest Code · 利益冲突守则
Appendix I of the Standing Orders is the Conflict of Interest Code for Members of the House of Commons, administered by the independent Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner. Its purpose is to show that Members put the public interest ahead of their private interests. Members must not use their position, or information not available to the public, to further their own or their family's private interests, and must not take part in debate or vote on a matter in which they have a private interest. Ministers are also covered by a separate law, the Conflict of Interest Act.
议事规则附录一是《众议员利益冲突守则》，由独立的利益冲突与道德专员负责执行，目的是表明议员把公共利益置于私人利益之上。议员不得利用职位或未公开的信息谋取自己或家人的私人利益，也不得在自己有私人利益的事项上参加辩论或投票。部长另受一部单独的法律《利益冲突法》约束。
| Rule · 规定 | Requirement · 要求 |
|---|---|
| Gifts · 礼物 | No gift that might reasonably be seen as meant to influence the Member; gifts worth more than $200 from one source in 12 months must be disclosed within 60 days. · 不得接受可合理认为旨在影响议员的礼物；12 个月内来自同一来源、价值超过 200 元的礼物须在 60 天内申报。 |
| Sponsored travel · 受赞助旅行 | Trips costing over $200 not paid from public or party funds must be disclosed within 60 days; the list is made public each year. · 非由公帑或政党支付、费用超过 200 元的旅行须在 60 天内申报，清单每年公开。 |
| Disclosure statement · 财产申报 | Within 60 days after election, and every year after; a public summary is posted. · 当选后 60 天内申报，之后每年申报；申报摘要对公众公开。 |
The Commissioner can investigate a possible breach and report to the House, but it is the House itself that decides any sanction.
专员可以调查可能的违规行为并向议院报告，但如何处分由议院自己决定。
Sexual harassment between Members · 议员之间的性骚扰
Appendix II is a Code of Conduct on Sexual Harassment Between Members, adopted in the 41st Parliament. A Member can bring a complaint to the House's Chief Human Resources Officer, or to their party whip if both Members are in the same caucus. The process starts with mediation; if that fails, an external investigator examines the complaint. Either side can take the result to the Procedure and House Affairs committee, which meets in private and can recommend sanctions for the House to decide. Participants must keep the process confidential, and retaliation is prohibited.
附录二是《议员间性骚扰行为守则》，在第 41 届议会期间通过。议员可向众议院人力资源主管提出投诉，如双方属于同一党团，也可向本党党鞭投诉。程序从调解开始；调解不成，由外部调查员调查。任何一方都可将结果提交程序与议院事务委员会，该委员会闭门开会，可建议处分，由议院决定。参与各方必须对程序保密，禁止打击报复。
Sources · 资料来源
House of Commons, Standing Orders of the House of Commons (consolidated as of April 27, 2026)
House of Commons, Standing Orders Chapter I: Presiding Officers, Chapter III: Sittings of the House and Chapter IV: Daily Program
House of Commons, Standing Orders Chapter V: Questions, Chapter VI: Process of Debate and Chapter VII: Special Debates
House of Commons, Standing Orders Chapter IX: Public Bills, Chapter X: Financial Procedures and Chapter XI: Private Members' Business
House of Commons, Standing Orders Chapter XIII: Committees and Chapter XIV: Delegated Legislation
House of Commons, Appendix I: Conflict of Interest Code for Members and Appendix II: Code of Conduct on Sexual Harassment Between Members
House of Commons, Participate and How to Submit a Brief
